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Alta cappella
An alta cappella or alta musica (Italian), alta musique (French) or just alta was a kind of town wind band found throughout continental Europe from the thirteenth to the eighteenth centuries, which typically consisted of shawms and slide trumpets or sackbuts. Waits were the British equivalent. These were not found anywhere outside of Europe.〔Iain Fenlon, ''Music and Patronage in Sixteenth-Century Mantua'', 2 vols., Cambridge Studies in Music (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1980–82)::2008, ISBN 978-0-521-229050 (vol 1); ISBN 978-0-521-23587-7 (vol. 2) "It is not until a few years later, in 1468, that the names of the Mantuan court alta cappella, a group of four players, are recorded. From its origins as a simple band used on ceremonial occasions, this ensemble seems to have been transformed .."〕〔Roy C. Strong-Feast: ''A History of Grand Eating'' 2002 - Page 123 "In the hall it was haute musique, itself divided between musica alta for wind bands and basse musique for soft instruments accompanied by voices."〕
==History==
''Alta musique'' in general refers to the "loud music" of instruments like shawms, sackbuts, trumpets, and drums, in contrast to ''basse musique'', the "soft music" of recorders, viols, fiddles, harps, psalteries, and the like.〔Howard Mayer Brown, and Keith Polk, "Alta (i)", Grove Music Online, edited by Deane Root (accessed 28 January 2015)〕 These ensembles first appeared in Europe in the thirteenth century, taken from the ceremonial loud bands of the Arab World, consisting of small shawms, nakers, and other percussion, together with pairs of straight trumpets functioning as something of a cross between drone and percussion. In Europe, these instruments were sometimes augmented by bagpipes and pipe and tabor.〔Herbert W. Myers, "Slide Trumpet Madness: Fact or Fiction?", ''Early Music'' 17, no. 3 (August 1989): 382–89. Citation on 383.〕 By the fifteenth century, these bands had come mainly to consist of three musicians, two playing shawms and the other a slide trumpet or (later) sackbut, but in the sixteenth century the size gradually increased and the instrumentation became more varied.〔 After about 1500 in Germany, the ''alta'' developed into the kind of band that came to be known as ''Stadtpfeifer'' (town pipers).〔Margaret Sarkissian and Edward H. Tarr, "Trumpet", Grove Music Online, edited by Deane Root (accessed 28 January 2015).〕 Present-day descendants of this tradition are the Catalan cobla bands who play dances called sardanas. The cobla features a modern version of the shawm with the main melody played by the tenor member of the family.〔
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